๐ง Hydrogen Cryogenic Liquefaction (Claude)
Size cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction plants: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC in kWh/kg LH2), exergy efficiency (% Carnot), Claude expansion turbines, and ortho-para conversion.
โก Fortran 90 Engine
Double Precision (IEEE 754)
โ ISO / ASME Validated
Thermodynamics
๐ Solver Telemetry
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๐ฆ Fortran Code
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Released
Jun 2026
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< 1 ms
๐ง Hydrogen Cryogenic Cascade (20 K), Ortho-Para Catalysts & Claude Turbines
Real-time visual simulation: Multi-stage H2 compression, LN2 cold box precooling, catalytic reactors, and cryogenic expansion๐ Configuration & Presets
๐ญ Industrial 50 TPD LH2 Plant
๐ Rocket Spaceport Propellant
๐ Heavy Mobility Refueling Hub
โ๏ธ High-Exergy Multi-Turbine Loop
Claude Hydrogen Liquefaction Formulation:
โข Specific Energy Consumption: SEC = Wฬnet / แนLH2 [kWh/kg LHโ]
โข Ideal Carnot Work: WCarnot = 3.92 kWh/kg LHโ (including ortho-to-para conversion)
โข Exergy Efficiency: ฮทexergy = WCarnot / SEC [%]
โข Continuous Catalytic Ortho-to-Para conversion prevents boil-off loss in storage.
โข Specific Energy Consumption: SEC = Wฬnet / แนLH2 [kWh/kg LHโ]
โข Ideal Carnot Work: WCarnot = 3.92 kWh/kg LHโ (including ortho-to-para conversion)
โข Exergy Efficiency: ฮทexergy = WCarnot / SEC [%]
โข Continuous Catalytic Ortho-to-Para conversion prevents boil-off loss in storage.
๐ LH2 Plant Performance
๐ Output Summary
Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)
5.43 kWh / kg LHโ
Exergy Efficiency: 72.24 % Carnot | LH2 Production: 550.1 kg/h
Yield = 26.2 %
Liquid Hydrogen Production Rate
550.1 kg/h
13.20 Tonnes/day
Net Electrical Power Demand
2.98 MW
2984.7 kW
LN2 Precooling Cold Duty
1793.5 kW
Cooling to 80 K
Para-Hydrogen Purity (Catalyst)
99.8 %
Ortho-to-para conversion
๐ Specific Energy SEC (kWh/kg) vs Compressor Discharge P (bar)
๐ Exergy Efficiency (% Carnot) vs Cryo-Turbine Efficiency (%)
================================================================= THERMOFLUIDCALC โ HYDROGEN LIQUEFACTION (PRECOOLED CLAUDE) REPORT ================================================================= Case Title : Industrial Commercial 50 TPD Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Plant Operating Parameters : P_high = 25.0 bar, Feed Flow = 2100.0 kg/h (0.58 kg/s) Precooling & Cryo Cold Box : LN2 Temp = 80.0 K, Ambient Feed Temp = 295.0 K Machine Efficiencies : Compressor eta_c = 0.82, Expansion Turbine eta_t = 0.88 ----------------------------------------------------------------- SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION: 5.43 kWh / kg LH2 EXERGY EFFICIENCY (CARNOT) : 72.24 % (Carnot Minimum Work = 3.92 kWh/kg) Liquid H2 Production Yield : 550.05 kg/h (13.20 TPD, Liquefaction Fraction = 26.19%) Net Electrical Power Demand: 2984.72 kW (2.985 MW) Compressor Gross Power : 3259.99 kW LN2 Precooling Heat Duty : 1793.46 kW Ortho-to-Para Conversion : Exothermic reaction enthalpy removed via multi-stage catalytic beds =================================================================
๐ Calculation Methodology & Cryogenic H2 Standards
Precooled Claude Cycle with Turbo-Expanders
Combines liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) precooling down to $80\,\text{K}$ with cryogenic Claude expansion turbines generating refrigeration below $40\,\text{K}$ before final Joule-Thomson expansion to $20.3\,\text{K}$.
Essential Ortho-to-Para Catalytic Conversion
Normal $H_2$ at room temperature is $75\%$ ortho and $25\%$ para. At $20\,\text{K}$, equilibrium is $99.8\%$ para. Catalytic reactors remove the exothermic conversion heat ($527\,\text{kJ/kg}$) during liquefaction to prevent spontaneous storage boil-off.
Key Engineering Assumptions
- Multi-stage intercooled hydrogen reciprocating or centrifugal compressors.
- Equilibrium para-hydrogen concentration $\ge 99.5\%$ at liquid storage exit.
- Applicable to commercial green hydrogen liquefiers, spaceport rockets, and heavy transport hubs.